Phenotypic characterization of cassava ethno-varieties in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Brazil is the fourth largest producer of cassava in the world. In the state of Mato Grosso more than 90% of family farmers grow cassava; therefore, studies that evaluate the genetic resources of this species present in the fields of these farmers can be considered essential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic variability among ethnovarieties of cassava grown in five regions of the state of Mato Grosso, at a phenotypic level using morphoagronomic and molecular characteristics. Forty-five ethnovarieties of cassava were evaluated using 45 morphoagronomic descriptors, 36 qualitative descriptors and nine quantitative descriptors, in addition to 15 microsatellite loci. The data were analyzed with the help of the Past and Genes programs. The descriptors of qualitative nature revealed the existence of morphological divergence, with 97.35% polymorphism and the formation of five genetic groups using the UPGMA method. Forty-four ethno-varieties had more than one desirable root characteristic from an agronomic point of view. Among all the varieties, the Amarela I ethno-variety had the most of these characteristics. With the quantitative variables obtained using the UPGMA method, it was possible to form seven distinct groups, which revealed the Branca Comum and Paraguaia ethno-varieties to be the most dissimilar. The characteristic that most contributed to the distinction of the groups was that of root length (30%). The 15 microsatellite loci amplified 109 alleles, and mean heterozygosity observed was higher than the expected heterozygosity. The UPGMA grouping revealed the formation of four distinct groups, and it was possible to verify duplicity of the Mandioca Batatinha and Pramuquem ethnovarities. By using joint analysis of the data, five genetic groups were observed, without duplicity of material; groups III, IV and V were isolated individuals. Between qualitative and quantitative variables, there was a significant correlation of 31% and between qualitative and molecular data the correlation was 12.4%. The collection of ethnovarieties grown in the fields of family farmers in the state of Mato Grosso present genetic divergence at the phenotypic level, based on morphoagronomic and molecular characteristics, and these ethno-varieties have characteristics of interest for genetic improvement and improved marketability

Composición y calidad de la leche en función de la etapa de lactancia y de la paridad

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the relationship among lactation order and days in milking with milk production, composition and somatic cells count (SCC) from Holstein cows and also verify the efficiency of "California Mastitis Test” (CMT) to detect high scores of SCC. Milk samples were collected from the Experimental Farm of Iguatemi located in Maringa, Parana State, from 2008 to 2009. Regression analyzes were performed by a computer system R (2009) in order to verify the behavior of production and milk components as a function of days of lactation order and using the mixed model methodology, considering animal and day of milk control as random. To evaluate the efficiency of CMT test in detecting high SCC was considered negative binomial distribution for the response variable, because it is data that exhibit over dispersion, using the methodology of generalized linear models. It was found that milk production increases and milk fat decreases by the lactation order. Milk protein increases with the days in milking because milk production is decreased. It was concluded that milk production and quality are closely connected to the lactation order and days in milking and CMT performed on farm is positively linked with CCS.El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre el orden y los días de lactancia con la producción, composición y conteo de células somáticas (CCS) en leche de vacas Holstein, así como comprobar la eficacia de la prueba California para Mastitis (CMT) detectando alto CCS. Se tomaron muestras de leche del rebaño de la Hacienda Experimental de Iguatemi, Maringá-PR, en un periodo comprendido entre 2008 y 2009. Fueron realizados análisis de regresión utilizando el programa estadístico R (2009) con el fin de verificar el comportamiento de la producción y los componentes de la leche en función de los días y orden de lactancia utilizando la metodología de modelos lineares mixtos, considerando el animal y día de control lechero como aleatorios. Para evaluar la eficacia de la prueba de CMT para detectar alto CCS se consideró distribución binomial negativa para la variable respuesta, ya que los datos mostraron sobredispersión utilizando la metodología de modelos lineales generalizados. Se encontró que a medida que la producción de leche aumenta, el porcentaje de grasa en la leche disminuye, siendo diferente en cada orden de lactancia. El porcentaje de proteína aumenta con el periodo de lactación, mientas disminuye la producción. Se concluye que la producción y la calidad de la leche están estrechamente relacionadas con el orden y los días de lactación, la prueba CMT tiene relación positiva con el CCS

Current state of fusarium wilt of banana in São Paulo.

Fusarium wilt (FW) is a major constraint for banana production in São Paulo. Farmers cultivating 'Maçã' (AAB) and ?Prata? (AAB) are usually forced to abandon areas or switch to less profitable varieties. Despite it impact, there is lack of detailed knowledge of FW incidence, distribution and factors associated to epidemics. In this work we evaluated 18 farms from four regions representative of different production systems. In each farm, areas with high (FOC +) and low (FOC-) incidence of FW were selected. Comparative analyses of weevils and nematode populations, as well as, soil and plant nutrients were performed. Values of FW incidence varied 2 to 45% according to the production systems, but were consistently higher in ?Maçã? than in ?Prata?. Use of infected planting material was attributed as the main factor-driving incidence in Maçã, where a non-aggregated pattern of spatial distribution was verified. There were no correlations between weevils and FW intensity, but high populations were observed. Helicotylenchus multicinctus, Pratylenchus coffeae and Meloidogyne spp. were the main species of nematodes detected. Despite the variation among regions and farms, Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus coffeae populations were higher in FOC+ than in FOC- areas. Soil analyses also revealed significant variations among farms, but lower values of exchangeable calcium, available P and soil pH were observed in FOC+ than in FOC-. While FW caused a significant reduction of K and Ca, N content remained similar or was even higher in infected plants. Complementary analyzes integrating quantitative and qualitative data on production systems at farm level, allowed to identify that, use of infected planting material, lack of exclusion measures, use or high levels of ammonium-based fertilizes, lack of plant eradication practices, low or not use of organic amendments and low soil pH values, were positively associated with FW intensity

Children and adolescents living with HIV/Aids and their families: psychosocial aspects and coping

O estudo teve por objetivos: descrever aspectos sociodemográficos, médico-clínicos e da organização familiar de crianças e adolescentes soropositivos infectados pela transmissão vertical; descrever dificuldades e estressores percebidos pelos cuidadores sobre aspectos psicossociais e do tratamento para o HIV e analisar estratégias de enfrentamento utilizadas. Participaram 43 cuidadores primários, a maioria (N = 24) mães soropositivas; a idade variou de 18 a 68 anos. Os instrumentos incluíram entrevista semi-estruturada e a Escala Modos de Enfrentamento de Problemas (EMEP). Os resultados revelaram a presença de dificuldades em áreas como adesão ao tratamento, revelação do diagnóstico para a criança/adolescente e informação sobre o diagnóstico na escola. Quanto às estratégias de enfrentamento, houve predomínio de busca de práticas religiosas/pensamento fantasioso e focalização no problema, segundo escores da EMEP. O estudo indica a necessidade das equipes de saúde se qualificarem para atendimento a demandas psicossociais, visando atenção integral e interdisciplinar a familiares e crianças/adolescentes vivendo com HIV/aids.The objectives of this study were to describe socio-demographic and medical aspects of children and adolescents who acquired HIV infection during the prenatal period. It also intends to describe de organizational aspects of their families; to delineate difficulties and stressors perceived by caregivers based upon psychosocial and HIV-related issues, so that it became able to analyze coping strategies utilized, one of the main objectives of this paper. Forty-three primary caregivers took part in this research, most of them were mothers infected with HIV (24), between the ages of 18 and 68. The instruments used included a semi-structured interview and the Ways of Coping with Problems Scale (WCPS). The results revealed difficulties in areas such as adherence to treatment, disclosure of diagnosis to children/adolescents and providing of information about the diagnosis at school. With reference to the coping strategies, there was a predominance of search for religious practices/fantastical thoughts and problem focusing, according to the scores of the WCPS. The study corroborates the necessity for health care professionals to strive to sharpen their professional expertise to attend psychosocial demands, endeavoring to devote interdisciplinary attention to children and adolescents living with HIV/AIDS, as well as their family members

Design Contributions for the COVID-19 Global Emergency (Part 2): Methodological reflections and future visions

Copyright © 2021 The Authors. This is a landmark publication for the field of design. It was catalysed by unprecedented circumstances, as designers around the world had to rapidly deploy their competencies in strategic problem-solving to help humanity in the fight against an invisible enemy during a global pandemic. In alliance with other disciplines, from medicine to mechanical engineering, from computing to anthropology, designers everywhere have addressed the challenges and produced remarkable results through a diversity of initiatives. This Special Issue presents a peer-reviewed sample of these initiatives

Characterization of Fusarium wilt of banana in São Paulo, Brazil.

Fusarium wilt (FW) is a major constraint for banana production in São Paulo, the biggest banana producer in Brazil. Farmers cultivating ?Maçã? (AAB) and ?Prata? (AAB) (AAB) are usually forced to abandon areas or switch to less profitable varieties. Despite it impact, there is lack of detailed knowledge of FW incidence, distribution and factors associated to epidemics. In this work we characterized 20 farms from four regions representative of different production systems. Incidence of FW was evaluated in all the farms and diseased plants were geo-referenced. In each farm areas with high (FOC +) and low (FOC-) incidence of FW were selected. Comparative analyses of weevils and nematode populations, as well as, soil nutrients were performed. Values of FW incidence varied 2 to 38% according to the production systems, but were consistently higher in ?Maçã? than in ?Prata?. There were no a clear correlations between weevils and FW intensity, but high populations were observed in infected areas. The main species of nematodes detected were Helicotylenchus multicinctus, Pratylenchus coffeae, Meloidogyne spp. and Radopholus similis, in this order. Despite the variation among regions and farms, Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus coffeae populations were higher in FOC+ than in FOC- areas. Soil analyses revealed lower values of exchangeable calcium, available P and soil pH in FOC+ than in FOC- areas. Complementary analyzes integrating quantitative and qualitative data on production systems at farm level, allowed to identify management practices putatively associated with FW intensity. Integrated approaches to improve banana productivity and reduce FW impact are discussed

Current state of fusarium wilt of banana in São Paulo.

Fusarium wilt (FW) is a major constraint for banana production in São Paulo. Farmers cultivating 'Maçã' (AAB) and ?Prata? (AAB) are usually forced to abandon areas or switch to less profitable varieties. Despite it impact, there is lack of detailed knowledge of FW incidence, distribution and factors associated to epidemics. In this work we evaluated 18 farms from four regions representative of different production systems. In each farm, areas with high (FOC +) and low (FOC-) incidence of FW were selected. Comparative analyses of weevils and nematode populations, as well as, soil and plant nutrients were performed. Values of FW incidence varied 2 to 45% according to the production systems, but were consistently higher in ?Maçã? than in ?Prata?. Use of infected planting material was attributed as the main factor-driving incidence in Maçã, where a non-aggregated pattern of spatial distribution was verified. There were no correlations between weevils and FW intensity, but high populations were observed. Helicotylenchus multicinctus, Pratylenchus coffeae and Meloidogyne spp. were the main species of nematodes detected. Despite the variation among regions and farms, Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus coffeae populations were higher in FOC+ than in FOC- areas. Soil analyses also revealed significant variations among farms, but lower values of exchangeable calcium, available P and soil pH were observed in FOC+ than in FOC-. While FW caused a significant reduction of K and Ca, N content remained similar or was even higher in infected plants. Complementary analyzes integrating quantitative and qualitative data on production systems at farm level, allowed to identify that, use of infected planting material, lack of exclusion measures, use or high levels of ammonium-based fertilizes, lack of plant eradication practices, low or not use of organic amendments and low soil pH values, were positively associated with FW intensity